Acute Renal Failure (Acute Kidney Injury-Aki) PowerPoint Presentation

Definition

• Acute renal failure is the sudden interruption of kidney function due to obstruction, reduced circulation or renal parenchyma disease.
• It is usually reversible with medical treatment otherwise may progress to end-stage renal disease(ESRD), uremic syndrome and death.

Causes

The causes of renal failure can be classified under

• PRE-RENAL CAUSES (60%-70%)
• Prerenal causes of AKI are factors external to the kidneys, and affect flow of blood to the kidneys
• Haemorrhage
• Renal loses (diuresis)
• Gastrointestinal loses (vomiting, diarrhoea, NG suction)
• Myocardial infarction
• Congestive heart failure
• Cardiogenic shock
• Sepsis
• Anaphylaxis

• INTRA-RENAL CAUSES (25%)
• Nephrotoxic Agents (Aminoglycosides, Heavy metals (lead, mercury) Arsenic, NSAIDs (Diclofenac),  ACE inhibitors and contrast media
• Infections (Acute Glomerulonephritis, Acute pylonephritis)
• Prolonged renal ischemia resulting from transfusion reaction, haemolytic anaemia, sickle cell anaemia.
• Acute tubular necrosis is the most common cause of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) for hospitalized patients.

• POST-RENAL CAUSES(<10%)
• Renal calculi (stone)
• Tumors/cancers of the urinary tract
• BPH
• Strictures
• Blood clots
• Pregnancy
• Trauma (back, pelvis, perineum
• Spinal cord disease
• Neuromuscular disorders